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However, these measurements require multiple urine collections to reliably estimate intake; therefore, they may be impractical to collect for large study samples.
On the other hand, if multiple urine collections are taken over a period of time, changing the time of day of collection may provide the most complete approach for exposure assessment, particularly when multiple phthalates and/or other compounds are evaluated, and thus minimize exposure misclassification.
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The major strength of the current study is the use of multiple 24-h urine collections to estimate dietary sodium intake.
Although multiple 24-h urine collections may be an ideal method to estimate habitual salt intake (Liu et al, 1979), they are not feasible for a large-scale prospective study.
Hopefully, one or more of these approaches will emerge and alleviate the need for multiple-hour urine collection and analysis.
Future studies could use several approaches to reduce or adjust for this variability: a) standardize the timing of urine collection, b) collect multiple urine samples over the course of ≥ 1 days, or c) record and adjust for the time of day of sample collection.
However, it is not always feasible to collect multiple urine samples because of both cost constraints and limitations imposed by the subject's commitments to multiple collections.
Multiple urine specimens for analyzing Na + K + Mg + Urea + Ca + phosphate + Creatinine + proteins and uric acid were obtained from 2-hour, 12-hour and 24-hour urine samples during day and night time, and results were compared with those obtained from the gold standard method (24-hour urine collection).
Eight patients had serial paired urine collections performed.
Urine iohexol clearance was poorly correlated (r=0.770) with GFR 9) owing to variability in urine collections (median CV=24%).
§Completers with complete 24 hour urine collections.
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