Sentence examples for multiple trophic levels from inspiring English sources

Soliveres, S. et al. Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality.

Natural soil rhizosphere communities are more complex having multiple trophic levels such as parasitic phages and predatory protists and nematodes46.

They contain populations and communities of organisms at multiple trophic levels that interact with their environment and each other.

Plant-plant interactions should be assessed not as isolated organisms in the environment but as a complex community of multiple trophic levels within which the soil microbiota is an important component2,3.

Maladaptations, such as those analysed in our study, may therefore have far-reaching effects on population dynamics across multiple trophic levels, as Daphnia occupies a central position in limnetic food webs.

We measured responses to an anthropogenic boundary by species from multiple trophic levels, and incorporated measures of habitat suitability, and temporal variation, at multiple spatial scales.

This model could be tested more rigorously using dated phylogenies of multiple groups representing different trophic levels.

We used path analysis69 to shed light on potential causal direct and indirect pathways that determine the combined effects of multiple metrics of biodiversity across trophic levels.

Importantly, parasites often have complex life cycles with multiple hosts and feeding preferences so they can occupy several trophic levels, which may lead to intermingled and even cryptic host-parasite trophic relationships that can be difficult to disentangle [3].

We furthermore show that the diversity stability relationship holds across multiple ecological functions in a single experiment, which is remarkable considering the spectrum of organizational (from population to ecosystem) and trophic levels (from primary producers to higher consumers) investigated.

In this study, we derived relationships between THg in three fish trophic levels (mosquitofish, sunfish, and age-1 largemouth bass) and surface water sulfate from 1998 to 2009 for multiple stations across the Everglades Protection Area (EPA).