Sentence examples for multiple trophic interactions from inspiring English sources
Finally, this is the first study reporting trophic relationships in a bird-ectoparasite system and demonstrates the potential of stable isotope analyses for revealing complex and multiple trophic interactions in symbiotic systems.
They contain populations and communities of organisms at multiple trophic levels that interact with their environment and each other.
The sesquiterpene alcohol nerolidol, synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), mediates plant-insect interactions across multiple trophic levels with major implications for pest management in agriculture.
While food webs typically describe all the interactions occurring in a given ecosystem (a) with multiple trophic levels (Dunne et al. 2002), most plant animal interactions can be displayed as bipartite graphs (b) describing the pairwise pattern of mutual interdependencies (Jordano 1987) among two distinct sets of animals (orange nodes) and plants (yellow).
In its complexity, the willow-galler-parasite food web is representative of many antagonistic networks in which specialized interactions link species across multiple trophic levels.
Large-scale assessments on long-lived vertebrate species may provide an important perspective on long-term impacts of environmental pollution by integrating multiple indirect influences, such as atmospheric and oceanic pollutant distribution or trophic interactions operating at wide geographical scales (Peterson et al. 2003; Tanabe et al. 1994).
While much work has been done on a single parasite and/or host species, for now only few studies have taken a multi-parasite approach to examine host-parasite trophic interactions, and to our knowledge none of them has examined multiple host and parasite species simultaneously.
Habitat fragmentation fundamentally affects trophic interactions and ecosystem function.
Thus, the dynamic behaviors present in the trophic interactions of aquatic ecosystems are highly complex.
These trophic interactions dominate in the upper layer and are visible in landing statistics (Fig. 12).
When studying diet and trophic interactions the δ15N enrichment of sources needs to be considered.
