Examining fecal contamination across multiple fecal-oral transmission pathways and identifying sources of fecal exposure, for example, whether human or animal, can help pinpoint which routes pose risks to human health.
Campylobacter is a common cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis characterized by multiple environmental sources and transmission pathways.
As observed by [ 15], aggregation eliminates ordering information that would otherwise rule out possible transmission pathways among multiple individuals.
This is likely to reflect important underlying clinical heterogeneity: the aetiology and epidemiology of diarrhoea is complex and variable, transmission pathways are multiple, and even the portion of diarrhoea that is waterborne is not well understood (Eisenberg 2012).
The transmission pathways of EV71 are believed to be multiple, i, e, close contact, droplets through respiratory tract and contaminated water through gastrointestinal tract [ 12].
Second, dysfunction of thalamic cells leads to disinhibition of central heat transmission pathways, resulting in PHS e.g. in patients with multiple sclerosis [17], [18].
