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Many eukaryotic genes can produce several transcripts as a result of alternative splicing or multiple transcription initiation sites (table 1), and many of these transcripts encode proteins that are partially different.
First, many genes have multiple transcription initiation sites, so that SNPs in the transcripts typically represent multiple species of RNA, each subject to distinct regulation.
Two major MUTYH proteins, i.e., type 1 and type 2, are expressed in human cells as a result of the presence of multiple transcription initiation sites and alternative splicing of mRNA transcripts (Takao et al., 1999; Ohtsubo et al., 2000).
The promoter region displays the typical features of a housekeeping gene: a high G+C content and the absence of canonical TATA and CAAT boxes consistent with the multiple transcription initiation sites determined by primary extension analysis.
Analysis of the 5; untranslated region (5 UTR) of the mRNAs identified three variants that result from a combination of alternative splicing and multiple transcription initiation sites.
Both PSMD8 and WBP11 promoters produced multiple transcription initiation sites, most of them corresponding exactly to the endogenous TSSs (Fig. 2A), with some differences in the relative intensities.
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Multiple, irregularly distributed transcription initiation sites as well as termination sites have been mapped within the PRAT sequence using primer extension and RLM-RACE.
Carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less (Ccr4-Not) is a highly conserved multiprotein complex that regulates gene expression at multiple levels, including transcription initiation and elongation, RNA export, RNA turnover and translation [ 1].
The CTD plays a pivotal role in RNA production by recruiting multiple proteins that modulate transcription initiation, transcription elongation, transcription termination, co-transcriptional mRNA 5' capping, RNA splicing, and RNA polyadenylation [6] [8].
The production of functional mRNA involves multiple steps that include transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.
For transcription initiation, multiple cis-acting sequences are important for transcription.
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