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Several QTLs with large pleiotropic effects on multiple traits have also been found and cloned (APO1, Ghd7, and Ghd8 or DTH8).
Recently, several QTLs controlling the same or multiple traits have been confirmed to be closely linked in a small genomic region.
Nevertheless, pleiotropic effects of QTLs acting on multiple traits have seldom been investigated in domestic animals.
Because multiple traits have historically been selected in concert and most quantitative trait loci have small effects, selection has incrementally altered allele frequencies throughout the genome.
This form of pleiotropy, where multiple traits have a shared underlying genetic basis, can potentially limit adaptation in both biological and digital organisms.
Multiple traits have been improved by MAS in maize, such as head smut resistance [ 68], provitamin A content [ 69], kernel oil content [ 70] and haploid induction rate [ 71].
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Though pleiotropy, which refers to the phenomenon of a gene affecting multiple traits, has long played a central role in genetics, development, and evolution, estimation of the number of pleiotropy components remains a hard mission to accomplish.
Extension of theory to multiple traits has led to the prediction that, at equilibrium, further evolutionary change in traits under strong selection should be constrained or prohibited by genetic trade-offs effectively, a lack of genetrade-offs effectivelyirection of selection (Blows and Walack2009).
Whilst multiple personality traits have been proposed, there appear to be five key traits, namely extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism [ 10].
The PB and CB sows that were selected for genotyping have phenotypic records from multiple parities on multiple traits and have a large genetic contribution to future descendants.
In a recent review article [52], the possible pleiotropic effect of FTO gene on multiple quantitative traits has been illustrated (Box 2 of [52]) to support the notion that genetic variants that are implicated in complex traits are associated with multiple quantitative traits at every level of analysis.
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