Gradients in pore sizes are recommended for future studies focused on the formation of multiple tissues and tissue interfaces.
These altered three-dimensional strain profiles are of special interest because deviations from normal physiological strain can lead to pathological function (aberrant loads/function), and compromised mechanotransduction over time [ 5, 72, 73] including the soft-hard tissue interfaces where multiple cell types reside.
Fabrication challenges for joint-scale engineering include controlling chemo-mechano-biological microenvironments to promote the development and growth of multiple tissues with integrated interfaces or lubricated surfaces into anatomical shapes, and developing joint-scale bioreactors which nurture and stimulate the tissue with loading and motion.
To enable integration, a stratified scaffold design that mimics the multiple tissue regions of the ACL interface (ligament fibrocartilage bone) represents a promising strategy for composite tissue formation.
The joint was opened using a posterolateral approach and multiple tissue cultures were taken from the joint fluid, (pseudo-) capsule, and membranous tissue at the interface of bone and implant/cement.
The hip joint was opened using either a direct lateral or a posterolateral approach (25 vs. 8, depending on the approach at index surgery) and multiple tissue cultures were taken from the joint fluid, (pseudo-) capsule, and membranous tissue at the interface of bone and implant/cement.
DWI using EPI usually shows susceptibility artefacts at the air-tissue or bone-soft tissue interfaces.
"In multi trauma incidents, maybe due to a blast, you might have to generate multiple tissue types," he said.
Lower resolutions require less imaging time and can enable increased coverage, but accurate delineation of the anatomy of the tissue interfaces becomes increasingly difficult to achieve due to partial voluming of the different tissues (i.e., one voxel containing multiple tissues presents a signal intensity that is the average of those of the underlying tissues).
It is pronounced particularly at air/soft tissue interfaces [ 37].
