The multiplicative (synergistic) interaction measure was statistically significant (Pinteraction = 0.049).
This not only suggests that hydrodynamic processes and substratum stability can play an important role in regulating the loss of canopy algae, but also demonstrates that the synergistic interactions between multiple stressors can exacerbate nonlinear responses of ecosystems to human impacts and limit their adaptive capacity [6], [11], [53].
MDR was originally developed to detect synergistic interactions between multiple SNPs that are predictive of disease susceptibility.
Many effective, whole pathogen vaccines activate the innate immune system through synergistic interactions of multiple immune cell receptors, where Toll-like receptor (TLR) synergies are the most established.
Moreover, Grant and his co-workers (Rosato et al, 2002; Rahmani et al, 2003a, 2003b) as well as our group (Nguyen et al, 2003, 2004) have published multiple reports that described the synergistic interactions between HDACIs and different kinase inhibitors (for instance, Flavopiridol or LY294002) to induce massive apoptosis in leukaemic or thoracic cancer cells in vitro.
Synergistic interactions between multiple sensory cues in chemical communication have been described in several forms, in many cases involving a combination of enantiomers (Borden et al., 1976) or a blend of molecules from the same chemical class (Lecomte et al., 1998; Srinivasan et al., 2008).
The antagonist activity of Trichoderma depends on multiple synergistic mechanisms, including a direct interaction with the pathogenic partner (mycoparasitism), as well as indirect mechanisms based on competition for space and nutrients [ 3, 4].
We acknowledge that the literature examining the effects of multiple chemical exposures and their potential synergistic interactions is still not well developed, and that any quantification of the economic consequences of lead exposure is inherently limited by the available data.
Multiple interventions are then needed in order to restore synergistic interactions.
Such packages of blue-green measures capitalize upon the synergistic interactions between ecosystem functions and hence enhance multiple vulnerability reduction capacities.
