In the past 5 years, a range of multifunctional, receptor-targeting, antibody-based molecules have emerged, which allow targeting of multiple surface receptors on tumour cells and endothelial or immune cells in the tumour microenvironment.
Moreover, they point to a highly competitive process between multiple surface receptors and the cytoskeletal machinery where Fra is a major player.
Lymphocyte activation involves the engagement of multiple cell surface receptors with ligands presented on the surface of other cells in a contact area termed the immunological or immune synapse (IS) [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].
GRB7 is an adaptor molecule that mediates signal transduction from multiple cell surface receptors to various downstream signalling pathways.
FN interacts with multiple cell surface receptors and plays an important role in the regulation of anchorage-dependent cell growth, cell migration, tumor development and metastasis.
Most common diseases, e.g., cancer are driven by not one, but multiple cell surface receptors that trigger and sustain a pathologic signaling network.
In the presence of serum, levels of p-ERK1/2 are influenced by integration of signaling from multiple cell surface receptors (including FGF receptor in MDA-MB-231) [ 36], and this combined signaling probably prevents GnRH-mediated cell growth inhibition.
HMGB1 can be actively secreted from immune cells or passively released from dying, dead, or injured cells, and mediates sterile and infectious inflammation responses by binding to multiple cell surface receptors.
In this study, a novel, dual-ligand approach is reported, which targets tumor cells while sparing off-target cells by exploiting the fact that tumor cells typically over-express multiple types of surface receptors.
SHP-2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase required for signal transduction by multiple different cell surface receptors.
Inflammatory signals are generally initiated by the activation of multiple cell-surface receptors, then a limited number of kinase-signaling molecules, followed by numerous effector molecules [ 16- 18].
