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With the predicted future negative changes in oxygen availability as well as pH, the adaptive responses of benthic species to multiple stressors will be critical in understanding ecosystem dynamics in the face of change.
This, in combination with new forest models that take into account multiple stressors will improve our knowledge of forest dynamics as well as our estimates of terrestrial carbon stocks under climate change scenarios.
They conclude by emphasizing how an approach including the cumulative and synergistic impacts of multiple stressors will help identify populations at greatest risk.
Evaluation of multiple stressors will require continued development of effective study methodologies and a movement away from the single-agent hypothesis testing of the past (Rabinowitz et al. 1999).
Disentangling the various effects of multiple stressors will likely require a combination of controlled laboratory experiments, large-scale studies over multidimensional gradients of stress, and insightful modeling of ecosystem responses and change.
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In dry forests where fire has not occurred for several decades, crown fires may result in high tree mortality, and the interaction of multiple disturbances and stressors will probably exacerbate stress complexes.
This study enhanced mechanistic understanding of the impacts of multiple stressors on coastal ecosystems, which will help to develop management strategies and conservation of the marine environment.
The concept of a dose window, with upper and lower effective doses, as well as the effect of multiple stressors and the influence of genetics will also be examined.
This overview will focus on findings examining whether multiple stressors (fatigue combined with energy deficit and sleep deprivation over 9 weeks or 72 h) or individual stressors, such as acute exercise (1 h), and chronic exertional fatigue (3 7 days), compromise the ability to maintain thermal balance in the cold.
Lastly, while early intervention programmes can provide necessary services to children and families, it will be difficult for families facing multiple stressors to benefit from interventions if they are struggling with the everyday realities of poverty.
The "hot-plate" system will facilitate complex manipulations of temperature and multiple stressors in the field to provide valuable information on the response of individuals, populations and communities to environmental change in any aquatic habitat.
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