Pathogens that come in multiple strains, such as the influenza virus or HIV, are the bane of vaccine developers: A vaccine effective against one strain may provide little immunity to others.
Perturbing gpb-1 and lin-5 induced growth defects in multiple strains such that the parental generation of worms failed to develop to reproductive maturity, indicating that these genes have effects outside of embryogenesis.
These include multiple strains of Lactobacillus such as L. acidophilus and several strains of Bifidobacterium, including B. breve, likely making induction of Tregs a common mechanism employed by bacteria to induce tolerance in the gut.
In order to substantially improve protection against the flu, the report concluded, researchers need to create a vaccine that targets antigens shared by multiple strains of the virus, such as the HA stalk, nucleoprotein, and the matrix 2 protein.
The SAG's Chlorophyta strains were particularly rich in such multiple strains.
Where multiple strains had been sequenced (such as for Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis), a single representative strain was selected so that results were not skewed to favor species with multiple entries.
The F-statistic is weighted to reduce the importance of association scores that are largely driven by closely related strains, such as multiple lines from the C57-related strains [41].
The Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute has proposed sequencing multiple strains of pathogens to obtain such information, but some of it may not be made public, said Trevor Hawkins, the director of the institute, which is in Walnut Creek, Calif.
Of course, several other potential chronologies exist, and given the possibility that multiple strains may have once carried such a plasmid and since lost it this analysis may be lacking.
Such a mechanism might be valuable when nodules are infected with multiple strains having differing nitrogen-fixation efficiency, such as may occur outside the laboratory [62], thus permitting the selective elimination of non-functional symbiotic cells.
So far, multiple strains of influenza virus (with various subtypes such as H1N2, H3N1, H2N3, H4N6, H5N1, etc).
