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Most species (133 out of 157) were represented by multiple specimens, with an average of 12 specimens per species; six species were represented by more than 50 specimens.
Any child who had multiple specimens with positive results was included once in the total number of children whose specimens tested positive for a given virus.
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There was good consistency in patients with multiple specimens.
Of the 133 species with multiple specimens examined, 42 species, or about one third, had two or more barcode clusters differing by at least 2%.
With multiple specimens and multiple tests on those specimens, the volume of data collected by PERCH therefore presents analytic challenges in interpreting detection of multiple pathogens and distinguishing infection from causation.
The within-patient mutation rate was calculated in 74 individuals with multiple specimens, including 51 relapses, allowing ≤10 SNPs, and using the first and last specimens if there were more than two.
All in situ hybridization experiments were performed with multiple specimens (multiple individuals were fixed at regular intervals, within single broods, then repeated at least twice with alternative broods) to fully characterize the expression patterns within and across the three species.
Pharyngeal and/or dermal exudate and/or feces were collected for virologic confirmation from 37 representative HFMD patients (17 with multiple specimens) selected by sentinel pediatricians in outpatient clinics.
Multiple specimen variants with differing foam core layers were exposed to a salt spray environment for up to 240 h.
Recognizing the importance of obtaining multiple specimens and the difficulties associated with obtaining samples from the 3 usual portals of entry, we devised and tested a novel method of specimen collection, conjunctiva upper respiratory tract irrigation (5 ).
The use of TMAs has significant advantages over standard techniques: it allows amplification of limited tissue resources by allowing the production of a large number of small core biopsies, rather than generating a single section saving time, antibodies and costs associated with analyzing multiple specimens at once [ 18, 20].
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