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Yang (2010) also showed multiple speciation times, even among the autosomes, using >5-Mb genomes of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla.
However, a few studies have indicated the existence of multiple speciation times across these genomes, implying that human and chimpanzee experienced a complex speciation history.
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We have modified the evolutionary model of Meng and Kubatko (2009) to incorporate intraspecific sampling of multiple individuals for estimation of speciation times and times of hybridization events for testing for hybridization in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting.
Multiple speciation events create a tree structured system of relationships between species.
These speciation times were consistent with the fossil records.
In fact, our results bear visual similarities to the modeled data under multiple speciation modes [ 43].
Hard polytomies reflect genuine multiple speciation events, so they cannot be represented as bifurcating trees.
Together with the estimated speciation time, these data suggested that this duplication event occurred long after the speciation.
Species in this group also probably have minimally diverged sex chromosomes and have undergone polyploid speciation multiple times (Evans 2008).
Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions and in nature.
Furthermore, rare introgression events among Heliconius butterflies are believed to have facilitated the exchange of mimicry genes across multiple time points post speciation (Martin et al., 2013).
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