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Significant efficacy has been demonstrated across multiple solid tumour types within clinical trials.
In a panel of multiple solid tumour cell lines, XL844 had little effect as a single agent, but substantially increased the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine (Matthews et al, 2007).
The use of a simple cut-off value, proven to be applicable for multiple solid tumour types, distinguishes between stroma-high and stroma-low tumours, of which the stroma-high tumours are independently associated with a relatively worse prognosis.
Notably, we observed novel aberrant expression of CD70 in multiple solid tumour types, such as pancreatic (35 out of 140), melanoma (15 out of 96), ovarian carcinomas (37 out of 241), and lung adenocarcinomas (17 out of 172).
In addition to VEGF-mediated signalling, preclinical evidence suggests that aberrant signalling mediated by both fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) also contribute to tumour growth and angiogenesis in multiple solid tumour types (Turner and Grose, 2010; Kono et al, 2012).
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Bevacizumab provides clinical benefit in multiple solid tumours, but is associated with some increase in bleeding risk.
GLUT1 is over-expressed in multiple solid tumours and high GLUT1 levels have been associated with poor patient survival (Rudlowski et al, 2004).
Demethylating agents, including 5-azacytidine, are already being used in the management of haematological malignancies and myelodysplastic syndrome, and are in clinical trials for multiple solid tumours.
Docetaxel is widely used for the treatment of multiple solid tumours, including cancers of the breast, lung, head and neck, stomach, and prostate.
In contrast, it is specifically expressed in multiple solid tumours, including lung cancer, oesophageal and gastric cancer, urothelial carcinoma, or cerebral astrocytoma (Izumi et al, 2010).
PD-1 is highly expressed on tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in multiple solid tumours (Thompson et al, 2007; Ahmadzadeh et al, 2009; Lyford-Pike et al, 2013), particularly on tumour-specific CD8+ T cells.
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