These cells have been implicated in self-renewal, progression, and therapy-resistance in multiple solid cancers and high tumorigenicity [ 3- 13].
These changes contribute to the characteristic stiffening of the tumor that is well documented as a prognostic and diagnostic indicator in multiple solid cancers.
Although FDPS has been seen to be overexpressed in multiple solid cancers by gene expression microarray (Pilarsky et al, 2004), to our knowledge, this is the first report to determine FDPS protein levels in human cancer tissues.
Semiconductor fluorescent NPs could be developed for simultaneous detection and localization of multiple solid cancer biomarkers, enabling the personalization of therapeutic regimens for each patient [29, 42].
One of these genes, β1-integrin, has been implicated in therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models [ 20, 21].
First, somatic mutation frequencies for commonly mutated components of the EGFR pathway (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and PTEN) were assessed in multiple solid cancer types.
Furthermore, β1-integrin, which coordinates much broader functional processes such as inflammation, proliferation, adhesion, and invasion, has recently been implicated in therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models [ 20, 21].
Finally, increasing evidence indicates that higher percentage of ALDH1 positive tumor cells may serve as a novel prognostic marker associated with poor clinical outcome in multiple human solid cancers including breast [34], [37], [42], lung [38], pancreatic [40], bladder [41] and prostate [43] cancers.
Bone marrow transplant may be used to treat aplastic anemia; sickle cell anemia; various malignant diseases of blood-forming tissues, including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma; certain solid cancers such as neuroblastoma; immune deficiency diseases; and metabolic diseases.
Docetaxel is widely used for the treatment of multiple solid tumours, including cancers of the breast, lung, head and neck, stomach, and prostate.
Sphere-forming assays have been commonly used to retrospectively identify normal and cancer stem cells, and measure stem cell/early progenitor activity in multiple types of solid cancers [ 38, 63, 64].
