Semiconductor fluorescent NPs could be developed for simultaneous detection and localization of multiple solid cancer biomarkers, enabling the personalization of therapeutic regimens for each patient [29, 42].
One of these genes, β1-integrin, has been implicated in therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models [ 20, 21].
First, somatic mutation frequencies for commonly mutated components of the EGFR pathway (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and PTEN) were assessed in multiple solid cancer types.
Furthermore, β1-integrin, which coordinates much broader functional processes such as inflammation, proliferation, adhesion, and invasion, has recently been implicated in therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models [ 20, 21].
These cells have been implicated in self-renewal, progression, and therapy-resistance in multiple solid cancers and high tumorigenicity [ 3- 13].
These changes contribute to the characteristic stiffening of the tumor that is well documented as a prognostic and diagnostic indicator in multiple solid cancers.
Although FDPS has been seen to be overexpressed in multiple solid cancers by gene expression microarray (Pilarsky et al, 2004), to our knowledge, this is the first report to determine FDPS protein levels in human cancer tissues.
Finally, increasing evidence indicates that higher percentage of ALDH1 positive tumor cells may serve as a novel prognostic marker associated with poor clinical outcome in multiple human solid cancers including breast [34], [37], [42], lung [38], pancreatic [40], bladder [41] and prostate [43] cancers.
Individual cancer types within TCGA comprise too few patients to attempt large scale association analysis, however as somatic mutation of the EGFR pathway is a hallmark of multiple types of solid cancer types, we sought to maximize the power of our study by combining patients across multiple cancer types that exhibit high frequency of mutation in the EGFR pathway.
In addition, a recent meta-analysis that included a total of 20 eligible studies with patients showed that overexpression of MACC1 was significantly associated with poorer survival in multiple solid tumors, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and glioma [ 11].
Docetaxel is widely used for the treatment of multiple solid tumours, including cancers of the breast, lung, head and neck, stomach, and prostate.
