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This paper describes the first one-day serotyping procedure that requires only a single RT-PCR and hybridization and which can identify multiple serotypes in mixed infections in one assay.
Live- BTV vaccines have been widely used to control the disease in the USA and as multivalent preparations (containing multiple serotypes) in Israel and southern Africa [39] [41].
No serotype could be determined because of cross reactivity with multiple serotypes in the IMIA or ambiguous results between methods.
A subanalysis of 64 samples from 16 infants detected multiple serotypes in 51% of the samples (unpublished results).
The current epidemiologic situation in Latin America resembles that in Southeast Asia some years ago, with the cocirculation of multiple serotypes in many countries and an increased number of DF and DHF cases.
Taking into account the extensive, uncontrolled movement of animals across the borders and the ease of virus spread and infection of multiple serotypes in one animal, the role of recombination events in the genetic diversification of FMDV cannot be excluded.
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Currently, 24 serotypes of BTV have been identified worldwide, with most infected countries confronted with the challenge of dealing with multiple serotypes circulating in their ruminant populations [5].
Recent multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data have further confirmed that multiple serotypes occur in a single genetic lineage [ 13].
23 By the end of the war, transportation and rapid urbanization led to increased transmission of dengue and hyperendemicity (multiple serotypes present) in most South East Asian countries, with subsequent emergence of the severe forms of dengue.
These findings agree with previous reports that have found these four serotypes in circulation in Kenyan cattle [ 4] and confirm the continued presence of multiple serotypes of FMDV in Kenya since FMD was first diagnosed in 1932 [ 43].
Multiple serotypes were detected in Israel during 2008 (5 ) and Oman in 2009 (S. Maan et al., unpub. data).
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