Construct validity for the SF-BPI has been supported in assessment in chronic pain populations such as osteoarthritis [ 28, 36], multiple sclerosis [ 36] and diabetic neuropathy [ 36, 39] as well as acute postoperative pain [ 38].
CCR2 and its ligands are implicated in numerous inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases2 including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, neuropathic pain, and diabetic nephropathy, as well as cancer3.
These proteins are commonly implicated in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, infection, inflammation, sepsis and diabetic retinopathy.
However, Lirk et al. [16] reported that regional anesthesia may be a risk for patients with pre-existing neuropathy such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Research has also been conducted involving luteolin and other neurological diseases, including diabetic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis; however, more research is needed.
Decreased pericyte-to-EC ratios have been observed following TBI (20) and stroke [ 136], multiple sclerosis [ 137- 140], brain tumors [ 141- 143], diabetic retinopathy [ 135, 144], aging [ 145, 146], and in a variety of angiopathies [ 147].
For example, multiple sclerosis and sarcoidosis can be comorbid conditions in diabetics, while retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy are well defined complications of diabetes.
Veterans with painful medical conditions, including, but not limited to chronic low back pain, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, and pain related to Multiple Sclerosis.
The rs2070600 polymorphism revealed increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis [ 28], multiple sclerosis [ 29] and coronary artery disease in non-diabetics [ 30].
All factors including metabolic (e.g. diabetic neuropathy), infectious (e.g. postherpetic neuralgia), autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis), vascular (e.g. stroke), nervous (e.g. trigeminal neuralgia) and cancerous can lead to NP.
