These successful animal studies have led to additional human studies, which include phase I/II clinical trials on GVHD, acute myocardial infarction, end-stage ischemic heart diseases, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple sclerosis, and open bone fracture (see [ 58] for review and [ 59] for a list of ongoing clinical trials).
This observation is in keeping with preclinical data in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, showing that bone marrow transplantation resulted in increased numbers of CD4+CD25high Treg cells, increased forkhead box P3 expression, a shift in T-cell epitope recognition, and a strong reduction of autoantibodies [ 54].
Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to a range of debilitating diseases in children and adults - including diabetes, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis and rickets, a bone disease associated with poor children in Victorian England.
Beneficial effects of statins have been suggested for many diseases not directly related to cholesterol metabolism, including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, arthritis, bone repair, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and multiple myeloma.
We searched the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using the following search terms: (multiple sclerosis or MS) and ("fractures, bone" or fractures or fracture or "bone fractures") without restriction on language.
This explains why patients with multiple sclerosis suffer a significantly reduced bone mineral density [ 40].
Under certain inflammatory conditions, however, including neurodegenerative diseases with an underlying inflammatory disorder such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease, bone marrow-derived circulating progenitor cells may supplement resident microglial populations [ 7, 8].
Four CAD systems (applied to the bone age assessment, Multiple Sclerosis detection, lung nodule detection, and pneumothorax measurement) developed in our laboratory are given as examples of how consecutive stages are developed by the multidisciplinary team.
Also, most of the studies reported that high majority of complications related to low levels of vitamin D such as hypoparathyroidism, bone fractures, and multiple sclerosis are becoming at levels below 20ng/mLL [ 25].
This could be pronounced in diseases directly affecting the blood such as cancers spreading to the bone marrow or multiple sclerosis, a chronic central nervous system disease associated with an abnormal immune system response.
