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This suggests that species interactions in natural populations contribute to the maintenance of multiple resistance phenotypes.
More recently, we have reported multiple resistance phenotypes in many Gram-negative bacteria isolated from zoo animals at Hiroshima Zoological Park [ 11].
Similar to what is observed during patients' treatment [ 32, 37], cell lines selected in vitro may display multiple resistance phenotypes that vary during different stages of the selection process [ 38].
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If continuous partial exposure to this environment contributes to the maintenance of the multiple resistance phenotype, then the variation is not so cryptic and these genes are more like cryptic genes in Hall's sense [ 14].
Determining whether the multiple resistance phenotype switching is due to cross-infection from neighboring patients or from natural mutation of the same A. baumannii isolate is important because of the different strategies needed to resolve the clinical issues.
Our data are also in line with the results obtained in other European studies [ 30, 31] in which tigecycline demonstrated its activity with MIC90 of 2 mg/L against strains showing a multiple resistance phenotype.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous bacterium well known for its multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes.
Three hundred and twenty-two Escherichia coli isolates were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes and the prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integron sequences.
The majority of NLR-encoding genes are located in five major resistance clusters (MRCs) on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 and cosegregate with multiple disease resistance phenotypes.
NLR-encoding genes are concentrated in five MRCs as defined by multiple disease resistance phenotypes on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 (Table S2; Figure 2) (McHale et al. 2009; Truco et al. 2013).
Dai et al. have correlated a miRNA signature (downregulation of miR-100, miR-130a, and miR-197 and upregulation of miR-181b, miR-181d, miR-101, and miR-195) in HNSCC cells with multiple drug resistance phenotypes in vitro [ 84].
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