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Larger synapses may generate larger IPSCs, due to multiple release sites or higher numbers of post-synaptic receptors.
This restricted innervation contrasts with the ability of interneurons to innervate other neurons through multiple release sites at the same PN stage (Pangratz-Fuehrer and Hestrin, 2011).
Multiple release sites at each ribbon synapse (each RBC ribbon has ∼10 active zones; Figure 8B), high vesicle availability and postsynaptic receptor saturation (Tong and Jahr, 1994) will facilitate low synaptic variability.
The synapses established between the large axon terminals of nigrothalamic or cerebellothalamic afferents and the proximal dendrites or somata of their target neurons often contain multiple release sites (Aumann et al. 1994; Aumann and Horne 1996; Bodor et al. 2008).
The presence of multiple release sites at some synaptic junctions has been shown by anatomy (Holderith et al., 2012; Nakamura et al., 2015) or estimated from neurophysiological data (Nakamura et al., 2015; Pulido et al., 2015).
Likewise, our data are consistent with a low vesicular release probability combined with multiple release sites similar to that reported for Purkinje cell synapses by the Raman Lab (Telgkamp et al. 2004).
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To determine whether interneuron-NG2 cell connections consisted of single- or multiple-release sites, we examined the response probabilities by using paired-pulse stimulations of presynaptic neurons (Angulo et al., 1999).
Tamás, G., Buhl, E. H. & Somogyi, P. Fast IPSPs elicited via multiple synaptic release sites by different types of GABAergic neuron in the cat visual cortex.
However, these experiments inferred the presence of axonal boutons from labeling of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin, raising the possibilities that this staining could have been the result of multiple presynaptic release sites (i.e., active zones) on the same synapse or even different boutons belonging to the same axon.
For example, sensory events that activate many CFs simultaneously may be particularly effective for triggering NMDA-dependent plastinity in molecular layer interneurons of the cerebellar cortex (Duguid and Smart, 2004), via synchronized spillover of glutamate from multiple CF release sites (Szapiro and Barbour, 2007; Mathews et al., 2012).
Each site can release either one or zero vesicles and we assume there are N release sites.
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