Sentence examples for multiple refugia during from inspiring English sources

Phylogeographic structure is usually consistent with long-term isolation in multiple refugia during climatic oscillations (e.g. [ 5]).

Despite being isolated in multiple refugia during glacial advance, gene flow periodically occurred when populations expanded their ranges to lower altitudes.

Several mitochondrial lineages that appear to have non-overlapping geographic ranges were recently described, suggesting a history of allopatric differentiation in multiple refugia during the Plio-Pleistocene [ 17].

Finally, we tested the hypotheses of expanding/contracting populations and the presence of a single refugium versus multiple refugia during episodes of glaciation.

A recent phylogeographic analysis of cpDNA variations in S. alpina indicated that this alpine shrub survived in multiple refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum and that earlier glaciations may have triggered deep intraspecific divergence (Zhang et al., 2012).

We test the hypothesis that caves served as microrefugia, which predicts marked genetic diversity and phylogeographical structure, spatial diffusion from multiple refugia during diversification, and SDMs portraying dramatically reduced or displaced suitable climatic conditions at the LGM.

Present results confirm the Iberian origin of the land snail E. quimperiana and strongly support the emerging phylogeographic hypothesis of multiple refugia in Iberia during the last glaciations.

A comparative phylogeographic study on four species of deciduous broadleaved trees has identified genetic groups specific to the coastal area of the Kinki region; this postulates the presence of multiple refugia within the Kinki area during glacial periods (Iwasaki et al. 2012).

In contrast, if isolation is caused by multiple glacial refugia during the late Pleistocene, patterns of multiple geographic subclades along with multiple demographic expansions is predicted as observed in other Daphnia [ 67, 68].

Fourth, we use coalescent simulations to test whether populations from different mountains have descended from a single ancestor (single refugium), or, alternatively, remained isolated on individual mountains during down-slope expansions (multiple refugia).

To determine whether populations remained isolated in individual habitats (multiple refugia), or merged into a single gene pool (single refugium) during down-slope dispersal, we used coalescent simulations in MESQUITE 2.5 [ 90] to test three phylogeographic models of diversification.