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Also abundant in our datasets were loci encoding two transmitter domains and multiple receiver domains.
A small proportion (1.4%) of RRs possessed multiple receiver domains (Table 6), generally two (301 examples), but three in 14 cases.
Hybrid kinases were also enriched for multiple receiver domains (Table 6), with 1113 of 4650 hybrid kinases possessing 2 or more receiver domains.
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Among them, 33 encode hybrid histidine kinases containing not only a transmitter domain but also single or multiple receiver domain(s) or histidine phospho-transfer domain(s), which accept the phosphate group via intramolecular and/or intermolecular phospho-transfer.
Firstly, HyHKs composed of only one transmitter and one receiver domain constitute the majority of HyHK domain architectures found in Azospirillum genomes (67 ± 2 %), whereas the remaining 33%% of HyHKs exhibit atypical domain architectures with multiple transmitter and receiver domains.
Multiple receiver pairs yield multiple hyperbolas, with a transmitter location determined at the common intersecting point.
88.7% of two-domain proteins contained paired receiver and transmitter domains, with a further 7.7% comprising two receiver domains.
However, receiver domains are of interest as prototypes of allosteric transmission within single domains (28).
They contain a receiver-like domain (RLD) similar to the receiver domains of the RRs in the His Asp phosphorelay system, but the RLDs lack the phosphoacceptor aspartic acid residue invariably conserved in the receiver domains.
Interestingly, the crystal structures of the ETR1 receiver domain (Müller-Dieckmann et al. 1999) and bacterial receiver domains (Chen et al. 1990) are similar to that of Ras, which also shows functional similarities with receiver domains (Lukat et al. 1991).
The receiver domains of ARR22 and ARR24 have higher similarity to the receiver domains of hybrid histidine kinases than to those of the other response regulators [ 30].
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