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Finally, Aizawa (forthcoming) presents numerous scientific examples of multiple realization by "compensatory differences".
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(Shapiro remarks that this auxiliary assumption seems best to capture the sense of multiple realization stressed by proponents of the standard argument).
They contend that neuroscientists, unlike philosophers, are unfazed by massive multiple realization.
Aizwa and Gillett (2009b) conclude, however, that the empirical details of vision research shows that a co-evolutionary research methodology is not just consistent with, but explicitly motivated by massive multiple realization.
Hull's point is that the same higher level phenomenon (e.g., a Mendelian trait such as coat color) can be produced by several different molecular mechanisms, or that a higher level phenomenon is realized by different kinds of molecular configurations (multiple realization).
Although his overall goal in this paper is to bring this form of multiple realization to wider recognition and study by philosophers of science, he uses the broader "Gillett-Aizawa framework" to argue that highly specific determinate properties, not just generic determinable properties, are multiply realized in this specific fashion.
Defending a claimed multiple realization involves two steps.
Because functional kinds are not individuated by the nature of the stuff that realizes the functional relations, they are often claimed to be paradigmatically friendly to multiple realization.
One strategy is simply to take multiple realization at face value.
The demands in actually establishing multiple realization are thus quite strict.
Their functions may be similar, but similarity isn't identity and multiple realization requires the latter.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com