Even in the worst-case scenario in which multiple pulses are needed, writing to the PCM memory is still 100 times faster than writing to flash.
At higher pulse-repetition frequencies (⩾10 kHz), multiple pulses are all coupled into a single ignition kernel, thus the resulting ignition kernel size and the total energy deposition into the kernel are increased, resulting in a faster transition into a self-propagating flame.
The minimum cell damage threshold found for multiple pulses was 23 ± 1 mJ/cm which corresponds well with the threshold for bubble formation inside the cell (Fig. 4) and is therefore most likely the lower limit for cell damage thresholds with these particles.
For instance, an MRA technique using spatial labeling and multiple inversion pulses was reported to have a positive predictive value of 91% for diagnosing high-grade stenosis in the transplant artery, while electrocardiogram-gated non-enhanced three-dimensional steady-state free precession MRA also had 91% in diagnostic accuracy [ 61, 62].
In addition, the (selective) excitation (photoselection) and anisotropy of populations that interact with single or multiple intense polarised laser pulses is demonstrated as function of power density and beam profile.
Consequently, the ablation effect for multiple pulses would be an accumulation of single-shot damage.
The multiple pulse sequence is successfully applied to alloy deposition.
However, we believe that the most important reason for the lower damage threshold under multiple pulse exposure is related to the change in position of the nanoparticles.
In this study, controllable crystallization processes of as-deposited amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change memory thin films driven by multiple femtosecond laser pulses were investigated in detail.
In contrast, currents elicited by positive pressure in inside-out patches were small, likely because patches that survived multiple positive pressure pulses were biased towards those made using smaller pipettes.
