Ca2+ homoeostasis in cardiac muscle cells is tightly regulated at the temporal and spatial level by a subcellular network involving multiple proteins, pathways, and organelles.
In addition to the above, both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contribute to endothelium-independent constriction through activation of multiple protein kinase pathways.
However, despite the multiple proteins and pathways known to be affected by cell adhesion molecules in general and ICAM-2 in particular, complete membrane-to actin linkages that regulate CAM function in tumor cells have been difficult to identify.
In cyanobacteria, the KaiC-containing protein complex regulates circadian gene expression via multiple protein-dependent pathways [ 87].
Whether this locus plays a major regulatory role in the aging process remains to be elucidated, but could be studied by testing if multiple proteins and/or pathways which are targeted are actually affected in aging tissues.
Cancer has remarkable complexity at the molecular level, with multiple genes, proteins, pathways and regulatory interconnections being affected.
Treating cancer is quite difficult because more and more evidence has revealed that cancer is a kind of complex genetic disease that involves in multiple genes, proteins, pathways, and regulatory interconnections.
LPA receptors each couple to multiple G-protein pathways; LPA1, 2, and 5 can couple to Gi, Gq, and G12, while LPA3 couples to Gi and Gq, but not G12, and LPA4 and LPA6 couple to all major G-protein families including Gs (Im et al., 2000).
In yeast, nutrient regulation has been studied in great detail and involves multiple protein kinase-mediated signaling pathways.
In fact, composite phenotypic profiles of coordinated changes in multiple protein factors and physiologic pathways rather than solitary biomarkers may prove more reliable in differentiating complex and sometimes overlapping autoimmune syndromes.
