Multiple genes and protein effectors are mediated to respond to the acting stimuli or parameters.
Each PI recruits a distinct set of protein effectors and regulates multiple cellular events including membrane traffic (Corvera et al, 1999; Roth, 2004), protein sorting (Saksena et al, 2007), growth factor signalling (Cantley, 2002), ion homeostasis (Balla, 2006; Dong et al, 2010), cell survival (Brunet et al, 2001) and cell motility (Yin and Janmey, 2003).
There are still other examples of direct and indirect motor protein effectors of Rab GTPases [54] elucidating multiple ways by which these proteins assure correct transport and vesicle/motor protein interaction.
Multiple protein families are involved in the execution stage but they may be broadly allocated into two groups: effectors and regulators.
Affinity-based capture and identification of protein effectors of the growth regulator ppGpp.
Hence, TAL effector-mediated transcriptional regulation in citrus appears to be further influenced by the multiple protein-protein interactions occurring at the assembly locus of RNA Pol II.
The complement system, which consists of multiple proteins in body fluids, receptors, and regulatory proteins, defends against infectious agents and acts as an immune effector and regulator.
The raptor mTOR complex signals to its downstream effectors S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 (p70S6K) and the eIF4E-binding protein (p4E-BP1) to control transcription and translation, which selectively regulates multiple proteins that control cell cycle and apoptosis (Gibbons et al, 2009).
For example, following phagocytic uptake L. pneumophila injects multiple effector proteins, many of which are structurally similar to eukaryotic proteins, into the cytosol of the host cell via the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system.
Bacterial pathogens deliver multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic cells to subvert host cellular processes and an emerging theme is the cooperation between different effectors.
