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Persons who had multiple prior exposures to influenza viruses and other respiratory infectious agents before 1918 had diversely partitioned memory CD8+ T-cell repertoires and extensive portfolios of bacterial strain specific antibodies.
In our own small-scale study of adults, who would have had multiple prior exposures to influenza prior to vaccination resulting in memory populations of influenza-specific T and B cells, we were not able to define a correlate of protection based on responses detected in PBMCs using the IFN-γ ELISpot assay prior to challenge.
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This observation may explain the cumulative enhanced benefit of multiple prior influenza vaccines overlapping with increased potential seasonal exposures in older subjects.
All patients had received multiple prior therapies.
Durable responses were observed despite prior exposure to multiple chemotherapeutic regimens.
Within each species, infection may depend on multiple factors, including age and prior exposure to AIV (4), gender (33), and even nutrition or social status (8).
Patients with prior exposure to multiple anti-TNFs are likely to have advanced RA and may find it difficult to benefit from any therapy; furthermore, previous studies have shown that no or low prior exposure to biologic agents is associated with longer drug survival in patients receiving tocilizumab or anti-TNFs [ 14, 23, 30].
The high response rates were attained in patients with unfavourable prognostic factors, including multiple metastatic sites, visceral metastases and prior exposure to adjuvant chemotherapy.
Biomarker-based trials may also be used to assess treatments for advanced breast cancer, but may be confounded by prior exposure of such cancers to multiple therapies.
These samples included multiple, longitudinal samples from Zika patients, with or without prior exposure to dengue virus, and samples from dengue patients infected either once or more than once with different types of the dengue virus.
In clinical testing of the Sanofi Pasteur vaccine, failure of multiple booster doses to show protection was unexpected because the children were already substantially immune from prior exposure to DENV or Japanese encephalitis vaccine.
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