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In some adult patients, the antibodies are constantly negative or produced 15 days after onset as a result of multiple previous infections [ 17, 18].
Moreover, since individual buffalo and buffalo herds are known to carry and maintain FMDV infections for a long time [ 11], it is likely that they are continuously exposed to FMDVs, resulting in the existence of animals with multiple previous infections by the virus.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, patients suffering from severe malaria are likely to have had multiple previous P. falciparum infections (Ref. 19).
This finding is consistent with multiple previous animal studies demonstrating that infection rapidly reduces diaphragm force generation, decreases diaphragm mitochondrial function, activates diaphragm proteolytic pathways, and reduces diaphragm contractile protein function [ 9, 20- 26].
With regard to previous infections in the multiple logistic regression model, this may be related to the alteration of the immune system caused by the microorganism that caused the previous infections.
The presence of gametocytes is more likely in patients with chronic, asymptomatic infections and may therefore be suggestive of multiple previous exposures to both Plasmodium species and thus a greater risk of subpatent vivax infection at enrollment.
There is no immunity after previous infections, and a person can suffer with multiple worms at once.
Previous infections resulting in lung destruction such as tuberculosis and bacterial infections predispose patients to actinomycosis (Fig. 5).
aPatients could have received multiple previous therapies.
The re-infection rates for two-stage revision of primary TKA was 8%, compared to 41% of the patients who underwent revision of a knee which had undergone multiple previous operations such arthroscopy and osteotomy.
IgG responses correlated with ocular pathology and infection status, but also increased with age, making it difficult to determine if serological responses were due to an active or previous infection or to assess the impact of multiple rounds of MDA.
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