Although we attempted to control for multiple potential confounders, the observed associations may be biased by residual confounding, such as confounding by sources of indoor air pollution that are known to impair cardiovascular health, including ETS exposures (Barnoya and Glantz 2005) and biomass burning (Baumgartner et al. 2011; McCracken et al. 2011).
These findings were robust with adjustment for multiple potential confounders and consistent using multiple strategies to address confounding by health status.
These results were significant after extensive and rigorous control for multiple potential confounders, including several non-PCB contaminants (prenatal MeHg, DDE, HCB, and pre- and postnatal Pb).
These observations were robust to analytic control for multiple potential confounders including age, sex, insurance status, geography and hospital ownership.
Statistical adjustments for multiple potential confounders is needed in order to assess a potential causal relationship which would lay foundations for interventional studies.
When modeled as a continuous predictor, a U-shaped relationship between systolic BP dipping ratio and future CAC was apparent and persisted after adjustment for multiple potential confounders (P<0.001 for quadratic term).
This finding was robust regardless of the threshold that was used for defining unusable data or adjustments for the propensity score, a method of adjusting for multiple potential confounders [24].
We found that 25(OH D is inversely associated with SBP, fasting insulin, glucose and HbA1c, and positively associated with HDL-c, after adjustment for multiple potential confounders in a general population of adults.
The impact of azithromycin is independent of multiple potential confounders.
We examined multiple potential confounders of the outcomes of interest.
Adjusting for multiple potential confounders did not change the estimates.
