9, 10 Furthermore, children with sepsis are often coinfected with multiple pathogens, such as malaria and bacteremia, limiting the effect of vertical treatments.
Individuals infected with multiple pathogens such as HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV and H. pylori have high C-reactive protein levels (markers of inflammation) and the greatest relative risk for coronary artery disease [ 11].
Further studies to determine the prevalence and distribution of B. microti infected ticks, as well as investigations of simultaneous infection by multiple pathogens such as B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophila, are necessary to more readily define the expanding range of I. scapularis and the disease agents it harbors.
These data provided a basis for further developing multivalent or multiagent vaccines against multiple important pathogens such as BoNTs, TeNT or B. anthracis.
IP is believed to be a mixed infection of multiple anaerobic pathogens, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum (which is believed to be the primary pathogen), Dichelobacter nodus, Porphyromonas levii, P. asaccharolytica, Prevotella intermedia, and P. melaninogenica [ 3, 4].
It has been previously shown that the DAF-2 insulin signalling pathway, as well as HSF-1, protects the nematode against multiple bacterial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Garsin et al., 2003; Singh and Aballay, 2006), and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Singh and Aballay, 2006; Jia et al., 2009).
After July of 2003, the world was declared free of SARS; however, fever screening trials in airports were expanded in Taiwan and later implemented as part of an active surveillance program for multiple infectious pathogens, such as dengue, chikungunya, malaria, influenza and enteric bacteria [ 11].
Previous studies have also identified CD46 as a host receptor for multiple viral and bacterial pathogens, such as measles virus, herpes virus 6, adenovirus and S. pyogenes.
Although a higher mortality rate is observed in animals with multiple infections with other pathogens such as CPV-2, canine adenovirus type 1 and CDV, CCoV represents per si a major infectious agent responsible for several epidemics [ 13, 14].
Recently, modifications of this technology have emerged, some of which allow the rapid detection of multiple pathogens in a single test such as multiplex molecular technologies, reverse transcriptase-PCR, real-time PCR, microarrays and nucleic acid sequencing-based amplifications [ 12, 21, 22].
There is an urgent need for new therapeutic agents to combat rapidly-emerging multiple drug resistant (MDR) and pan-resistant pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumanii.
