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Furthermore, APR resistance is partial and race nonspecific (often across multiple pathogen species).
We demonstrate that computational comparative genomics, together with experimental screening, can identify potential generic (i.e., conserved across multiple pathogen species) and novel virulence-associated genes that may serve as targets for broad-spectrum countermeasures.
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The microarray and qPCR successfully detected multiple wastewater pathogen species at different stages of the disinfection process (i.e. secondary effluents vs. disinfected final effluents) and at two treatment plants employing different disinfection methods (i.e. chlorination vs. UV irradiation).
This was recently identified as a rapidly evolving gene family, termed "Rp1/Pi37" [ 17], which had an effector response that confers resistance to multiple pathogens across species.
However this guidance is specifically for multi-target vaccines (either multiple diseases or multiple serotypes of a single pathogen species) and not for the multi-component, single target vaccines considered in this study.
These results were similar to those of Figueiredo et al.56, in which SAMS and PAL were involved in grapevine species defence against multiple pathogen attack.
Approximately 60% of all human pathogen species are known to be zoonotic (Woolhouse and Gowtage-Sequeria 2005) and pathogens that infect multiple species are three times as likely to emerge into human populations than host-restricted pathogens (Taylor et al. 2001).
Recent work has determined that mechanisms of competitive exclusion can result when the host is exposed to multiple pathogen genotypes [ 26] and, moreover, that the antagonism increases with genetic distance between pathogen genotypes of the same species [ 16].
The teams together discovered the cause of the die-offs, a previously unknown pathogen species now named Phytophthora ramorum.
Our model accommodates these multiple pathogen and case detection methods.
Multiple infection of a host may also directly affect the genetic diversity of the pathogen population, as co-infection is a prerequisite for genetic exchange between different pathogen species or strains.
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