Sentence examples for multiple pathogen genotypes from inspiring English sources

Infection of a single host by multiple pathogen genotypes is a common phenomenon in a wide variety of diseases [ 1- 4].

Recent work has determined that mechanisms of competitive exclusion can result when the host is exposed to multiple pathogen genotypes [ 26] and, moreover, that the antagonism increases with genetic distance between pathogen genotypes of the same species [ 16].

Furthermore, an analysis was undertaken to assess coinfection of the same flowering stem, which requires persistence of multiple pathogen genotypes in a single host meristem, as compared to coinfection of separate stems originating from same plant rosette, differed among treatments.

The resulting interaction may range along a continuum where at the one end we find superinfection with a single strain dominating the entire host, and at the other end of the continuum, we find multiple infection with several pathogen genotypes co-infecting the same host individual (de Roode et al. 2005; Bell et al. 2006; López-Villavicencio et al. 2007; Ben-Ami et al. 2008).

Based on a detailed survey of the interaction of non-coevolved plant and virus species, it appears that host and pathogen genotypes contain multiple alleles that interact in a quantitative fashion to determine the level of resistance or susceptibility.

This new technology can be used for many applications in the field of in vitro diagnostics: simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens and of polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as simultaneous genotyping of multiple pathogen subtypes.

Some RT-PCR protocols are designed to glean additional detail regarding detected pathogen genotypes, through results from multiple (serially executed) RT-PCR panels, but this approach imposes additional testing costs and time delays and yield far less specific information than actual target gene sequences provided from a single RPM assay.

These ecological conditions include different host communities, multiple and novel pathogens, genotypes of a single pathogen, or changing environments (Vander Wal et al. 2014).

Evolutionary changes in both host and pathogen lead to a continuous turnover of host and pathogen genotypes; this is known as Red Queen dynamics.

Our model accommodates these multiple pathogen and case detection methods.

An alternative scenario for host-pathogen interactions is the arms race [7], in which a series of selective sweeps alternate in pathogen and host populations, reflecting host genotypes that confer resistance and pathogen genotypes that facilitate infection.