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If broad-spectrum immune factors involved in responding to multiple pathogen classes, one of which including P. falciparum (Meister et al. 2005, 2009; Dong et al. 2006, 2009), are evolving in response to non-Plasmodium pathogens, susceptibility to the malaria parasite could be affected.
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Our model accommodates these multiple pathogen and case detection methods.
Standard epidemiological theory claims that in structured populations competition between multiple pathogen strains is a deterministic process which is mediated by the basic reproduction number ( <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012951.e001.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> ) of the individual strains.
Immune protection against multiple pathogen epitopes may prevent pathogens from generating the multiple mutations required to escape immune recognition [ 7].
Species in the Fabales had relatively high activities against all pathogen classes while species in the Asterales had relatively low activities against all pathogen classes.
In natura, hosts are often infected by multiple pathogens.
opportunism of multiple pathogens, acting in malevolent concert.
Seven (35%) were colonized with multiple pathogens.
We also have created a Luminex based platform to assess vaccine responses against multiple pathogens.
By attaching different DNA strands on the gold film, the same cartridge could screen for multiple pathogens, Miller says.
Together, these results suggest that interactions among multiple pathogens can have important consequences for host health, which may not be predictable from interactions between hosts and individual pathogens.
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