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Multiple paternity was detected in 70% of the broods, with up to 4 males fertilizing a single clutch.
Multiple paternity was detected in 57% of clutches genotyped, and females of single-sire clutches and females of multiple-sire clutches were of similar size.
Multiple paternity was found in each of the 20 broods.
In this study, multiple paternity was detected in all 20 broods using two different methods as implemented in programs GERUD [38] and COLONY [43], respectively.
Mean (±SE) multiple paternity was found in 35.6±2.8% of litters (range 0 92%; n = 67 species, 86 values, 9 mammalian orders).
Where multiple paternity was detected clearly, the program GERUD [38] was used to estimate the minimum number of males and to infer the most possible genotypes of males.
Similar(39)
Multiple paternity is possible due to sperm storage.
While dominant males usually monopolise reproductive females, multiple paternity is known to exist in American alligators, where as many as three different males may sire offspring in a single clutch.
The frenzied courtship activity had led to speculation that the female mates promiscuously to recruit males to help care for the young, however recent genetic testing shows that 96.5% of noisy miner broods result from monogamous mating and that multiple paternity is rare.
The conditions that determine and influence the frequency of multiple paternity are largely unknown.
Higher levels of multiple paternity were associated with larger relative testes size, as was previously shown in rodents [21].
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