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Multiple paternity rates differed significantly between social mating systems (F2,61 = 4.58 P = 0.014).
In my dataset, small testes were sometimes found in species with high multiple paternity rates.
Testes size is greater in species with high multiple paternity rates, whereas the converse is found for alpha paternity.
Overall, relative testes size was positively correlated to multiple paternity rates (Figure 1) and was lower in species with short mating seasons (Figure 2).
Mammalian multiple paternity rates did not show any concordance with social mating systems, though multi-male species tended to have higher multiple paternity rate than other categories.
This may reflect the limitations of using testes data from different localities, or that multiple paternity rates may vary temporally within a population (e.g. [30]).
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Thus, disparities between relative testes size and multiple paternity rate may reflect an evolutionary disequilibrium with behaviour evolving faster than morphological traits [31].
These results demonstrate that patterns of mating (multiple paternity and alpha paternity rates) determined by genetic analysis can provide reliable indicators of male postcopulatory intrasexual competition (testes size), and that other variables (length of mating season, ovulation mode, litter size) may also be important.
I examined multiple paternity, EGP and alpha paternity rates in relation to social mating system using one-way ANOVAs.
Lastly, I analysed the correlation between multiple paternity, EGP and alpha paternity rates using a Pearson's correlation.
In turn, rates of multiple paternity in a population may be indicative of level of male post-copulatory intrasexual competition levels.
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