Sentence examples for multiple paternity on from inspiring English sources

Future studies should be aware that the effects of multiple paternity on female reproduction (offspring number) can be masked and even reversed by male male interactions.

Finally, multiple paternity was associated with increased litter size but only in the intrusion treatment, which suggests that the effect of multiple paternity on offspring number is dependent on male male interactions.

Thus, future studies are needed to determine why the effects of multiple paternity on offspring number depend on male male interactions and to disentangle the underlying proximate causes and the evolutionary fitness consequences.

Thus, although intrusion treatment had no effect on multiple paternity, the effects of multiple paternity on offspring number crucially depended on intrusion where male male interactions were intensified (and the within-subject design controls for other potential confounds).

We found no overall effect of multiple paternity on litter size (LMM, F1, 20 = 2.861, N = 57, P = 0.106), but we found a significant interaction such that the effect of paternity on females' litter size was dependent on the experimental treatment (LMM, F1, 20 = 4. 671, N = 57, P = 0.043, Fig.  4).

An increasing number of studies find that male male competition influences female mate choice (Wong and Candolin 2005), but this is the first study to our knowledge that shows that the effects of multiple paternity on offspring number depend on females' exposure to male male interactions.

Such markers would make it much easier to obtain comparative data on levels of multiple paternity for a range of species.

This "clutch piracy," as the researchers describe it, usually results in multiple paternity for a given clutch.

In addition, I included litter size in the analysis of testes mass and multiple paternity, to avoid biases in the detection of multiple paternity [21], though I included it as a predictor variable rather than using residuals [51].

The observed patterns are consistent with hypotheses for the benefits of multiple paternity based on intracolony genetic diversity, but do not support the sperm limitation hypothesis.

Thus, we cannot exclude the idea that multiple paternity depends on the risk of infanticide or males' perceived quality, especially since we found evidence for both hypotheses, as we explain below.