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Multiple paternity is possible due to sperm storage.
While dominant males usually monopolise reproductive females, multiple paternity is known to exist in American alligators, where as many as three different males may sire offspring in a single clutch.
The frenzied courtship activity had led to speculation that the female mates promiscuously to recruit males to help care for the young, however recent genetic testing shows that 96.5% of noisy miner broods result from monogamous mating and that multiple paternity is rare.
Our result in combination with recent reports of crayfish, crab and lobster suggests that multiple paternity is common in Malacostraca.
The reproductive biology of Littorina saxatilis suggests that females may be promiscuous and that multiple paternity is common.
Our results in combination with recent reports on multiple paternity in crayfish, crab and lobster species suggests that multiple paternity is common in Malacostraca.
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Multiple paternity was detected in 70% of the broods, with up to 4 males fertilizing a single clutch.
Multiple paternity was detected in 57% of clutches genotyped, and females of single-sire clutches and females of multiple-sire clutches were of similar size.
Multiple paternity was found in each of the 20 broods.
The conditions that determine and influence the frequency of multiple paternity are largely unknown.
Mean (±SE) multiple paternity was found in 35.6±2.8% of litters (range 0 92%; n = 67 species, 86 values, 9 mammalian orders).
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