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Multiple paternity has never been observed in R. latastei.
Similar variation in the frequency of multiple paternity has been observed across species of birds, in which levels of extra-pair paternity vary from 0%tooverer 90% [ 56].
It could also be due to differences in social or ecological conditions, as multiple paternity has been found to be correlated with population density (Dean et al. 2006; but see Firman and Simmons 2008a).
However, multiple paternity has been demonstrated within multiple species within Sebastes, including S. goodei [ 29, 30], which permits the opportunity for selective forces to operate on reproductive proteins (e.g. sperm competition and the prevention of polyspermy).
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It therefore appears that the females have an evolutionary net benefit from provoking sperm competition, even if multiple paternity may have a negative effect on the amount of parental investment a male is willing to invest into a current brood [ 30].
If a divorce or paternity has already been completed, and no visitation schedule established, you may petition the divorce or paternity Court to establish a separate visitation order.
Thus, our findings do not support the idea that female mice increase multiple paternity when they have the opportunity to increase the genetic diversity of their offspring, as expected from the genetic diversity hypothesis.
Numerous studies of paternity have shown that the expression of secondary sexual characters is the single-most important correlate of paternity in birds [review in [ 20]].
Only in a few species belonging to Malacostraca, such as crayfish Orconectes placidus [27], red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii [28], lobster Nephrops norvegicus L. [29], [30] and crab Petrolisthes cinctipes [31] has multiple paternity been reported.
The puzzle of the selective benefits of multiple mating and multiple paternity in social insects has been a major focus of research in evolutionary biology.
Therefore, our goal was to test whether females' inbreeding status affects the rate of multiple paternity, as this hypothesis has never been tested in a vertebrate species to our knowledge.
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