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However, these results were obtained from leishmania strains isolated from naturally infected hosts which are known to be most likely composed of multiple parasite populations [ 23, 24].
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However, they collected data on a larger spatial scale potentially involving multiple host and parasite populations.
Eventually, the host and parasite populations accumulate multiple genetic forms (i.e., they become increasingly polymorphic).
There are two possibilities of ticks being infected with parasites with different genotypes: infestation on a single bovine host infected with genotypically mixed parasite populations or multiple infestations on different animals infected with different parasite genotypes that are possible for two or three host tick species.
We model the dynamics of multiple parasite genomes that simultaneously circulate in a large host population, continuously tracking the formation of new genomes through recombination, mutation and immigration events (Paul et al., 1995; Bruce et al., 2000a, 2000b).
The presence in a population of multiple host resistance alleles confronting multiple parasite virulence alleles may reflect a dynamic equilibrium permissive for the persistence of both parties.
Our analysis also points towards an African origin for Colombian parasite populations, and suggests that their introduction into Colombia was a recurrent process encompassing multiple introduction events.
Over time, many of these different parasite populations evolve into genetically distinct species.
The host and parasite populations therefore coevolve by the accumulation of these matching genes.
Another contributing factor could be that the low genetic diversity of parasite populations in low transmission settings enables individuals to rapidly acquire immunity to those parasite clones45,46.
Students begin by establishing their starting host and parasite populations.
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