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This observation can explain why semi-immune African children harbor multiple parasite genomes (peak mean MOI of 5 in children 3 7 years old) and the number of genomes reduces as children become more immune [5].
(4) Delayed super-infection: a host can harbor multiple parasite genomes, but only one actively infects the host, with transmissibility τ, while the rest remain latent until the active parasite genome is cleared.
10.7554/eLife.00093.009 Figure 7. Diagrams showing processes that take place during the course of a simulation: (A ) in a biting event, there is likeliness that multiple parasite genomes will be transmitted simultaneously.
We model the dynamics of multiple parasite genomes that simultaneously circulate in a large host population, continuously tracking the formation of new genomes through recombination, mutation and immigration events (Paul et al., 1995; Bruce et al., 2000a, 2000b).
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An infected host can harbor multiple simultaneously co-infecting parasite genomes, and each has the potential of being transmitted to another host through a mosquito biting event.
Today, with the advantage of molecular tools, we understand that individuals in endemic areas harbor chronic P. falciparum infections composed of several genetically distinct haploid parasite genomes introduced by single and/or multiple (superinfection) mosquito bites [3], [4], [5].
Parasite genomes encoding multiple copies of the same VSAs are outcompeted by parasite genomes encoding the maximum number of distinct VSAs, consistent with high inter-locus diversity seen in the genome [6].
Given the evolutionary divergence of the Apicomplexa and the incomplete annotation of parasite genomes, new integrative approaches are needed that incorporate multiple lines and types of experimental data.
Our results showed that parasite genomes code for diverse HDACs and sirtuins.
Reports of anthelmintic resistance to multiple drugs in individual parasite species, and in multiple parasite species across virtually all livestock hosts, are increasingly common.
This approach yielded a total of 618 proteins from twelve apicomplexan parasite genomes (Table 1).
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