September 23, 1869 Cookstown, Northern Ireland November 11, 1938 New York City, New York Typhoid Mary, byname of Mary Mallon (born September 23, 1869, Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland died November 11, 1938, North Brother Island, Bronx, New York, U.S). famous typhoid carrier who allegedly gave rise to multiple outbreaks of typhoid fever.
Multiple outbreaks of the virus have been reported in poultry farms and wild flocks across Europe, Africa and Asia in the past six months.
These Marburg virus positive bats represent the first naturally infected non-primate animals ever identified, and this is the first report of any Marburg virus activity in Gabon, a region of Africa recently hit by multiple outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Ebola virus (species Zaire) [14].
Even more alarming were the multiple outbreaks of a severe brain disease (angiostrongyliasis) in Taiwan that were linked to P. canaliculata (3,4).
In the last decade, multiple outbreaks of Salmonella spp. (and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 H7) linked to seed sprouts have occurred throughout the world (6 – 8 ).
Multiple outbreaks of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units (ICUs) and increased rates of illness and death, especially in neonatal ICUs, have been reported (6 – 10 ).
Since its implementation in 2008 it has detected multiple outbreaks, including one of acute watery diarrhoea, a major cause of child mortality.
Such models have shown that social distancing can be effective at reducing the attack rate of an epidemic [ 28, 32] and that it is a plausible explanation for certain phenomena arising in real epidemics, such as multiple outbreaks or waves of infection [ 32, 33].
To explore the causes of these multiple outbreaks, we plotted time-courses of treated and untreated sensitive (black curves) and resistant infections (red curves), corresponding to epidemic profiles in Figures 2a-2d.
None of the participants mentioned viral hemorrhagic fever in spite of the fact that it had been in the news during recent years because of its multiple outbreaks resulting in the deaths of several health care workers at tertiary care facilities in the two cities [ 14].
Reports from local investigation teams were available for 7 of 9 ships that experienced multiple outbreaks and for 2 of 4 ships that experienced only 1 outbreak.
