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It was detected in a 30-year-old breast cancer patient with a family history of breast and multiple other cancers.
Further, these findings provide rationale for expansive multi-cancer studies of novel loci identified for any single cancer, including bioinformatically directed investigation of novel loci discovered for endometrial cancer in multiple other cancers.
It is overexpressed in HCC (Yu et al, 2007; Mohammad et al, 2008) and multiple other cancers (Zhang et al, 2012), is involved in invasion and metastasis (Zhao et al, 2010), and immunogenicity has been demonstrated (Liu et al, 2011; Zheng and Jaffee, 2012).
Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA -approved ipilimumab [a monoclonal anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein (anti-CTLA)-4 antibody] and pembrolizumab [a monoclonal anti-programmed cell death protein (anti-PD)-1 antibody], have shown excellent results in malignant melanoma and multiple other cancers [ 25].
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PTK6, a member of a distinct family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases distantly related to Src kinases, is expressed in breast cancers and multiple other cancer types [ 3– 7].
Although FGFR activating mutations are found in multiple other cancer types, including FGFR2 in endometrial cancer [ 54] and FGFR3 in bladder cancer [ 55], there is no evidence for common mutational activation of the FGFRs in breast cancer.
PIK3CA is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers, occurring at high prevalence in tumors of the colon, breast, ovary, stomach and liver, and at lower prevalence in multiple other cancer types.
Our results show the breast cancer landscape and its biological interpretation to be dependent on sample molecular traits and that these interpretations are conserved across multiple other cancer forms.
Using meta-analysis of publicly available microarray databases and biological studies, we verified elevated REGγ gene expression in the four types of cancers and identified genes significantly correlated with REGγ expression, including genes in p53, Myc pathways, and multiple other cancer-related pathways.
For patients with multiple primaries, other cancers are censored at the time of occurrence.
This suggests that we identified one SNP from a haplotype which is associated with endometrial cancer and also with multiple other types of cancer, and two mutually independent SNPs which are associated with endometrial cancer but do not lie in haplotypes previously reported to be associated with any other type of cancer.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com