Exclusion criteria were the isolation of multiple organisms from urine, or incomplete medical records.
Common approaches are to use all available genomes, or to use multiple organisms from a single taxonomic unit.
Thus, multiple organisms from phyla separated by millions of years of evolution, all respond to some forms of mitochondrial ETC dysfunction with increased lifespan.
Amniotic fluid cultures from pregnancies complicated by chorioamnionitis have shown multiple organisms from the vaginal flora, such as Streptococcus agalactiae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, anaerobes, and E. coli (1 ).
De novo genome assembly from shotgun sequencing data was used to obtain comprehensive and deeply sampled genomic datasets (up to 25 × coverage) for multiple organisms from AMD biofilms (Tyson et al., 2004; Allen et al., 2007; Lo et al., 2007; Simmons et al., 2008), which allowed for a direct analysis of in situ population heterogeneity.
Additional information includes links to databases, such as Reactome, BioCyc, NCI Nature PID, DIP, BIND, HPRD, BioGRID, MINT, and Intact, which represent the major repositories of interacions from multiple organisms for further bioinformatics analysis.
A recent example is represented by the Integrative multi-species prediction (IMP) web server [ 4] which integrates prior knowledge and data collections from multiple organisms for the generation of novel functional working hypotheses used in experimental follow-up.
Most, if not all, sequenced metagenomes are complex mixtures of chromosomal and plasmid sequence fragments from multiple organisms, possibly from different kingdoms.
Both systems offer automated behavior analysis from video feeds or stored video files and can track multiple organisms, typically from a single camera imaging a number of individual dishes or 96 well plates.
For example, dietary restriction (DR) can increase lifespan in multiple organisms ranging from yeast to mammals and decreased signaling through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway can increase lifespan not only in C. elegans, but also in mice (Holzenberger et al., 2003; Harrison et al., 2009).
Thus susceptibility of Irgm1-deficient mice to multiple organisms may follow from the immunodeficiency rather than from loss of a direct action by Irgm1 against pathogen inclusions of various kinds.
