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Exact(5)
In agreement with data published previously [13], [21] our experiments demonstrated that ataxin-1 is mostly accumulating into multiple nuclear accumulations and this process is independent of the length of the polyQ expansion (Fig 1A).
The formation of multiple nuclear accumulations of Atx1[2Q]GFP has been described before [13], [21].
When cells were analyzed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, all polyQ-expanded proteins formed irregularly shaped intracellular aggregates within 24 hours after transfection, with exception of Atx1[85Q]GFP and Atx1[2Q]GFP which formed multiple nuclear accumulations (Fig 1A).
In contrast, cells containing multiple nuclear accumulations formed by either Atx1[Q2]GFP or Atx1[Q85]GFP distributed ataxin-1 to both daughter cells, regardless of polyQ expansion (Fig 3B,C).
The distinct pattern of the formation of multiple nuclear accumulations is probably due to features of the ataxin-1 protein, since nuclear polyQ-expanded GFP (NLS[Q64]GFP) resulted in a single nuclear aggregate which increased in size in time due to sequestering of newly synthesized polyQ-GFP proteins, similar as observed with other polyQ-expanded proteins.
Similar(55)
For example, although PKA and ERK are preferentially distributed in the cytoplasm in resting conditions, the rise of intracellular second messengers drives their rapid accumulation in the nucleus, where they phosphorylate multiple nuclear targets.
The amino-terminus of Net1 contains multiple nuclear localization signals, and deletion of this domain is associated with accumulation of a constitutively active Net1 in the cytoplasm [14].
We show here that infection of cells with poliovirus results in the cytoplasmic accumulation of a variety of shuttling and non-shuttling nuclear proteins that use multiple nuclear import pathways.
Their nuclear shuttling properties were verified by the apparent nuclear accumulations under inhibition of CRM1-dependent nuclear export.
Nanoscale NMR spectroscopy and imaging of multiple nuclear species.
Each had multiple ICBMs with multiple nuclear warheads and separate reentry vehicles.
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