Many experimental data show that mild hypothermia can exert neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms of action: decrease of cerebral metabolism, reduction of apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, slowing of the cerebral excitatory cascade, decrease of local inflammatory response, reduction of free oxygen radicals production, and decrease of vascular and membrane permeability.
In addition, MB has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in multiple animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.
Multiple reports have demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of both vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin act via PI3K to induce AKT activation.
Many reports have indicated that Bacillus lipopeptides engage in anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-virus activities, and multiple therapeutic activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, neuroprotective effects, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and immunomodulation therapy of diabetes (Zhao et al. 2017).
VEGF also exerts neuroprotective effects indirectly through its action on multiple processes such as angiogenesis, increased blood brain barrier permeability to glucose and activation of antioxidants [ 90, 181, 184].
In summary, neuroprotective effects of apoE-mimetics in Drosophila probably have multiple features that are not solely attributable to Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of minocycline are unclear since minocycline inhibits multiple targets including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP -2 and MMP -2
These data suggest that activation of multiple neuroprotective pathways including autophagy is required for neuroprotection.
