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The approach can be extended to array based melting-curve analysis, allowing the simultaneous detection of multiple mutations, as well as for genosensor design.
Some of the mutants contained multiple mutations, as shown in Fig. 1.
In addition, immunotherapies targeting multiple regions of the viral genome have the potential to force the accumulation of multiple mutations as a consequence of polyvalent CTL pressure which can drive the virus into a state of poor replicative fitness [31].
19 43 These quiescent cells have a long life span, a characteristic likely essential for acquiring multiple mutations as cells undergo transformation.
Therefore, the observed patterns of epistasis and compensation do not merely reflect the robustness of individual RNA and protein molecules to multiple mutations (as described above), but must indicate more general features of their genomes.
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As long as multiple mutations at a site are rare, allele frequency spectra are independent of the mutation rates, which enables us to compare mutations of different types with each other.
We further demonstrated that a single point mutation in the CH3 domain and two mutations at cysteine residues within the IgG hinge region could result in Halfbodies as stable as the ones with multiple mutations at CH3 domain (Table S1 and Fig. S1).
Multiple mutations at the same site are counted as distinct polymorphisms.
In some cases, they can even produce complex mutations (e.g. tandem base pair substitutions and clusters of multiple, closely spaced mutations) as was shown recently for Pol ζ (Stone, Lujan, Kunkel 2012).
(A) The phosphorylated threonine and serine residues shown in Fig. 1D were mutated to alanine, and Atg31 mutants with single mutations or multiple mutations in various combinations, as well as Atg31 deletion mutants, were assessed for autophagy activity under nitrogen starvation conditions.
In principle, for a completely unannotated genome, one could predict open reading frames (ORFs) and detect clustering of multiple mutations within individual ORFs just as effectively as with annotated gene regions.
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