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In addition, even if there is a lack of geographical or taxonomic structuration, one might notice that several haplotypes representing different species are separated from the central network by a deep break of multiple mutation steps.
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PROBLEM: Recent genetic studies link multiple mutations which impair various steps in RNA metabolism to familial neurodegenerative disease, but the great majority of patients are defined as sporadic, without any known mutation as a cause.
Resistance development for the remaining three drugs required several steps, as multiple mutations were required for resistance above clinical breakpoints.
How is change possible where multiple mutations are necessary but intermediate steps have no apparent advantage?
Long weights (steps) indicate multiple mutations, while short weights indicate few mutations.
It is entirely plausible, however, that mutational constraints prevented this second evolutionary step because multiple mutations could be required simultaneously to cause any increase in transcription.
The authors demonstrate that resistance is acquired or increased step-wise, and multiple mutations in different genes including embCAB are required to obtain high level resistance.
The removal of the primer length limitation allows adjacent multiple mutations to be made in a single step with a pair of mutagenesis primers without any limitation.
Therefore, a multiple step mutation cancer theory (mutation latent mutation…to a cancer) [ 5 ] and DNA repair theory were developed to match the actual cancer incidence [ 12 ].
Although mating of DT40 clones is not possible, multiple mutations can be accumulated in the same cell clone by the step-wise transfection of knock-out constructs.
Adaptive evolution of multiple traits through multiple mutations at a single gene.
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