This database also contains molecular complex modules, comprising multiple molecules such as the subunits of transporters and receptors, functional sets, and signature modules.
This response involves multistep processes and multiple molecules, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase, Kruppel-associated protein 1 (KAP1), complementation group D2 (FANCD2), XRCC2, and XRCC4 [ 10, 49, 54].
This increased flexibility is advantageous to proteins that recognise multiple target molecules such as DNA, RNA, other proteins or small ligands [ 3, 5].
In fact, Tregs are equipped to respond to inflammatory signals and they express multiple surface molecules such as chemokine receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs 2, 4 and 6), CD25, the common gamma chain of the IL2/IL15 receptor and CD28.
Using bioconjugation techniques and orthogonal chemistry, peptide-based 3-D hydrogel scaffolds with multiple signalling molecules, such as cell-adhesion ligands, protease sensitive domains, growth factors and cytokines, can be readily modified to adjust a wide variety of biologically relevant signals, for enhanced therapeutic function and tissue regeneration 19.
In the case of CREB, multiple molecules or proteins, such as CGRP [9], lead to its phosphorylation, via activation of several kinases [1, 30 32].
We submitted a variety of these ions to MS/MS analysis in an attempt to acquire a specific identification and identified multiple phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules, such as PC(12∶0/0∶0 K+ m/z 478.2, PC (18∶0/0∶0) m/z 524.3, PC 16∶1/10∶0) m/z 648.5, and PC 32∶0) m/z 772.5 (Fig. 4 F I, respectively).
Matrigel contains multiple biologically active molecules, such as laminin, collagen IV and many growth factors [ 15], that are likely to impact the results obtained.
Gene expressions of VSMCs are regulated by multiple molecules or pathways, such as serum response factor (SRF) and its cofactors, RhoA, Notch signaling, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway [ 87].
DNA microarrays can be amenable to exhaustively analyze the gene expressions of such multiple molecules.
The EMT phenomenon seems to be promising because multiple molecules involved in EMT, such as receptor- and SRC-family tyrosine kinases, RAS and other small GTPases, can be envisioned as targets for anti-EMT therapy [ 58].
