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Of the anemic participants, 43.6% had microcytosis and 2.5% had macrocytosis, 66.7% were iron deficient, 30.8% were vitamin B12 deficient, and 15.4% were folate deficient; 30% had multiple micronutrient deficiencies (at least two of the above).
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies exist in school going children in India and bridging the gap between nutrient intake and requirements is an effective way to combat the deficiencies.
Pregnant women in resource-poor areas are at risk of multiple micronutrient deficiencies, and indicators of low Vitamin B12 status have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including anemia, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth retardation [32, 33].
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are highly prevalent among preschool children and often lead to anemia and growth faltering.
This results in a vicious cycle of multiple micronutrient deficiencies and infection/disease progression.
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies occur, including the major hematinic factors, iron and vitamin B12.
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From the extensive literature, it can be concluded that effect of single and multiple micronutrient deficiency on pathogenesis of HIV, TB, and intestinal parasitic infections is of immense clinical and public health importance in Ethiopia where these diseases often coexist.
The goal of this review is to provide a summary of available findings and summarize current state of knowledge regarding the "quadruple burden," multiple micronutrient deficiency, HIV, TB, and intestinal parasitic infection, and to describe immune-modulating effects of these disorders.
Growth faltering thus potentially is a functional outcome of a combination of both protein energy malnutrition and multiple micronutrients deficiency, which may explain lack of impact on growth in a recent zinc fortification trial [31].
Hence, in areas where multiple antioxidant micronutrient deficiency is common, an increased oxidative stress is expected among those on HAART.
In addition, the diarrhoea may be caused by multiple factors including micronutrient deficiencies, milk or food intolerances, or diseases of the bowel, as well as prior antibiotic therapy[ 12].
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